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Elm (programming language)

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">Elm</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">The Elm tangram</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Evan Czaplicki</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">March 30, 2012 (2012-03-30)<a href="#cite_note-initialrelease-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">0.19.1

/ October 21, 2019 (2019-10-21)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Static_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Static typing">static</a>, <a href="Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strong</a>, <a href="Type_inference" title="Type inference">inferred</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Permissive_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Permissive license">Permissive</a> (<a href="BSD_license" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD license">Revised BSD</a>)<a href="#cite_note-license-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">.elm</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elm-lang.org/">elm-lang.org</a> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a>, <a href="Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a>, <a href="OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a>, <a href="F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Redux_(JavaScript_library)" title="Redux (JavaScript library)">Redux</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="Vue.js#Official_libraries" title="Vue.js">Vue</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Roc,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Derw,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Gren<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

Elm is a <a href="Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">domain-specific</a> <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> for <a href="Declarative_programming" title="Declarative programming">declaratively</a> creating <a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>-based <a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interfaces</a>. Elm is <a href="Purely_functional_programming" title="Purely functional programming">purely functional</a>, and is developed with emphasis on <a href="Usability" title="Usability">usability</a>, performance, and <a href="Robustness_(computer_science)" title="Robustness (computer science)">robustness</a>. It advertises "no <a href="Runtime_(program_lifecycle_phase)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runtime (program lifecycle phase)">runtime</a> <a href="Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">exceptions</a> in practice",<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> made possible by the Elm compiler's <a href="Type_system#Static_type_checking" title="Type system">static type checking</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

Elm was initially designed by Evan Czaplicki as his thesis in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The first release of Elm came with many examples and an online editor that made it easy to try out in a <a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Czaplicki joined <a href="Prezi" title="Prezi">Prezi</a> in 2013 to work on Elm,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> and in 2016 moved to <a href="NoRedInk" title="NoRedInk">NoRedInk</a> as an Open Source Engineer, also starting the Elm Software Foundation.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>

The initial implementation of the Elm compiler targets HyperText Markup Language (<a href="HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>), <a href="Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a> (CSS), and <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The set of core tools has continued to expand, now including a <a href="Read%E2%80%93eval%E2%80%93print_loop" title="Read–eval–print loop">read–eval–print loop</a> (REPL),<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="Package_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Package management system">package manager</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> time-travelling debugger,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and installers for <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> and <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Elm also has an ecosystem of community created <a href="Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">libraries</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and Ellie, an advanced online editor that allows saved work and including community libraries.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2></div>

Elm has a small set of language constructs, including traditional if-expressions, let-expressions for storing local values, and case-expressions for <a href="Pattern_matching" title="Pattern matching">pattern matching</a>.<a href="#cite_note-syntax-22">[22]</a> As a functional language, it supports <a href="Anonymous_function" title="Anonymous function">anonymous functions</a>, functions as arguments, and functions can return functions, the latter often by partial application of <a href="Currying" title="Currying">curried</a> functions. Functions are called by value. Its semantics include immutable values, <a href="Pure_function" title="Pure function">stateless functions</a>, and static typing with type inference. Elm programs render HTML through a virtual DOM, and may interoperate with other code by using "JavaScript as a service".

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immutability">Immutability</h3></div>

All values in Elm are <a href="Immutable_object" title="Immutable object">immutable</a>, meaning that a value cannot be modified after it is created. Elm uses <a href="Persistent_data_structure" title="Persistent data structure">persistent data structures</a> to implement its arrays, sets, and dictionaries in the standard library.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Static_types">Static types</h3></div>

Elm is statically typed. Type annotations are optional (due to type inference) but strongly encouraged. Annotations exist on the line above the definition (unlike C-family languages where types and names are interspersed). Elm uses a single colon to mean "has type".

Types include primitives like integers and strings, and basic data structures such as lists, tuples, and records. Functions have types written with arrows, for example <code>round : Float -> Int</code>. <a href="Tagged_union" title="Tagged union">Custom types</a> allow the programmer to create custom types to represent data in a way that matches the problem domain.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>

Types can refer to other types, for example a <code>List Int</code>. Types are always capitalized; lowercase names are type variables. For example, a <code>List a</code> is a list of values of unknown type. It is the type of the empty list and of the argument to <code>List.length</code>, which is agnostic to the list's elements. There are a few special types that programmers create to interact with the Elm runtime. For example, <code>Html Msg</code> represents a (virtual) DOM tree whose event handlers all produce messages of type <code>Msg</code>.

Rather than allow any value to be implicitly nullable (such as JavaScript's <code>undefined</code> or a <a href="Null_pointer" title="Null pointer">null pointer</a>), Elm's standard library defines a <code>Maybe a</code> type. Code that produces or handles an optional value does so explicitly using this type, and all other code is guaranteed a value of the claimed type is actually present.

Elm provides a limited number of built-in <a href="Type_class" title="Type class">type classes</a>: <code>number</code> which includes <code>Int</code> and <code>Float</code> to facilitate the use of numeric operators such as <code>(+)</code> or <code>(*)</code>, <code>comparable</code> which includes numbers, characters, strings, lists of comparable things, and tuples of comparable things to facilitate the use of comparison operators, and <code>appendable</code> which includes strings and lists to facilitate concatenation with <code>(++)</code>. Elm does not provide a mechanism to include custom types into these type classes or create new type classes (see <a href="#Limits">Limits</a>).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Module_system">Module system</h3></div>

Elm has a <a href="Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">module system</a> that allows users to break their code into smaller parts called modules. Modules can hide implementation details such as helper functions, and group related code together. Modules serve as a namespace for imported code, such as <code>Bitwise.and</code>. Third party libraries (or packages) consist of one or more modules, and are available from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://package.elm-lang.org/">Elm Public Library</a>. All libraries are versioned according to <a href="Software_versioning#Degree_of_compatibility" title="Software versioning">semver</a>, which is enforced by the compiler and other tools. That is, removing a function or changing its type can only be done in a major release.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interoperability_with_HTML,_CSS,_and_JavaScript">Interoperability with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript</h3></div>

Elm uses an abstraction called ports to communicate with <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> It allows values to flow in and out of Elm programs, making it possible to communicate between Elm and JavaScript.

Elm has a library called elm/html that a programmer can use to write HTML and CSS within Elm.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> It uses a virtual <a href="Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">DOM</a> approach to make updates efficient.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Backend">Backend</h3></div>

Elm does not officially support server-side development. Czaplicki does consider it a primary goal at this point, but public progress on this front has been slow. Nevertheless, there are several independent projects which attempt to explore Elm on the backend.

The primary production-ready full-stack Elm platform is Lamdera, an open-core "unfork" of Elm.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Czaplicki has also teased Elm Studio, a potential alternative to Lamdera, but it isn't available to the public yet.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Current speculation is that Elm Studio will use a future version of Elm that targets C, uses Emscripten to compile to WASM, and supports type-safe <a href="Postgres" class="mw-redirect" title="Postgres">Postgres</a> table generation.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>

For full-stack frameworks, as opposed to <a href="Backend_as_a_service" title="Backend as a service">BaaS</a> products, elm-pages is perhaps the most popular fully open-source option.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> It does not extend the Elm language, but just runs the compiled JS on <a href="Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a>. It also supports scripting. There is also Pine, an Elm to .NET compiler, which allows safe interop with C#, F#, and other <a href="Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">CLR</a> languages.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a>

There were also some attempts in Elm versions prior to 0.19.0 to use the <a href="BEAM_(Erlang_virtual_machine)" title="BEAM (Erlang virtual machine)">BEAM (Erlang virtual machine)</a> to run Elm, but they are stuck due to the removal of native code in 0.19.0 and changes to the package manager. One of the projects executed Elm directly on the environment,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> while another one compiled it to Elixir.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>

Finally, the Gren programming language started out a fork of Elm primarily focused on backend support, although its goals have since shifted.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Elm_Architecture_(TEA_pattern)">The Elm Architecture (TEA pattern)</h2></div>

The Elm Architecture is a <a href="Software_design_pattern" title="Software design pattern">software design pattern</a> and as a <a href="Three-letter_acronym" title="Three-letter acronym">TLA</a> called TEA pattern for building interactive web applications. Elm applications are naturally constructed in that way, but other projects may find the concept useful.

An Elm program is always split into three parts:

<ul><li>Model - the state of the application</li>

<li>View - a function that turns the model into HTML</li>

<li>Update - a function that updates the model based on messages</li></ul>

Those are the core of the Elm Architecture.

For example, imagine an application that displays a number and a button that increments the number when pressed.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In this case, all we need to store is one number, so our model can be as simple as <code>type alias Model = Int</code>. The <code>view</code> function would be defined with the <code>Html</code> library and display the number and button. For the number to be updated, we need to be able to send a message to the <code>update</code> function, which is done through a custom type such as <code>type Msg = Increase</code>. The <code>Increase</code> value is attached to the button defined in the <code>view</code> function such that when the button is clicked by a user, <code>Increase</code> is passed on to the <code>update</code> function, which can update the model by increasing the number.

In the Elm Architecture, sending messages to <code>update</code> is the only way to change the state. In more sophisticated applications, messages may come from various sources: user interaction, initialization of the model, internal calls from <code>update</code>, subscriptions to external events (window resize, system clock, JavaScript interop...) and URL changes and requests.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limits">Limits</h2></div>

Elm does not support <a href="Type_class#Higher-kinded_polymorphism" title="Type class">higher-kinded polymorphism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> which related languages <a href="Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a>, <a href="Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a> and <a href="PureScript" title="PureScript">PureScript</a> offer, nor does Elm support the creation of <a href="Type_class" title="Type class">type classes</a>.

This means that, for example, Elm does not have a generic <code>map</code> function which works across multiple data structures such as <code>List</code> and <code>Set</code>. In Elm, such functions are typically invoked qualified by their module name, for example calling <code>List.map</code> and <code>Set.map</code>. In Haskell or PureScript, there would be only one function <code>map</code>. This is a known feature request that is on Czaplicki's rough roadmap since at least 2015.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> On the other hand, implementations of TEA pattern in advanced languages like <a href="Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a> does not suffer from such limitations and can benefit from <a href="Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a>'s type classes, <a href="Type-level_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Type-level programming">type-level</a> and <a href="Kind_(type_theory)" title="Kind (type theory)">kind-level</a> programming constructs.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>

Another outcome is a large amount of <a href="Boilerplate_code" title="Boilerplate code">boilerplate code</a> in medium to large size projects as illustrated by the author of "Elm in Action," a former Elm core team member, in his single page application example<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> with almost identical fragments being repeated in update, view, subscriptions, route parsing and building functions.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_code">Example code</h2></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-elm mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>-- This is a single line comment.

{-

This is a multi-line comment.

It is {- nestable. -}

-}

-- Here we define a value named `greeting`. The type is inferred as a `String`.

greeting =

"Hello World!"

-- It is best to add type annotations to top-level declarations.

hello : String

hello =

"Hi there."

-- Functions are declared the same way, with arguments following the function name.

add x y =

x + y

-- Again, it is best to add type annotations.

hypotenuse : Float -> Float -> Float

hypotenuse a b =

sqrt (a^2 + b^2)

-- We can create lambda functions with the `\[arg] -> [expression]` syntax.

hello : String -> String

hello = \s -> "Hi, " ++ s

-- Function declarations may have the anonymous parameter names denoted by `_`,

-- which are matched but not used in the body.

const : a -> b -> a

const k _ = k

-- Functions are also curried; here we've curried the multiplication

-- infix operator with a `2`

multiplyBy2 : number -> number

multiplyBy2 =

(*) 2

-- If-expressions are used to branch on `Bool` values

absoluteValue : number -> number

absoluteValue number =

if number < 0 then negate number else number

-- Records are used to hold values with named fields

book : { title : String, author : String, pages : Int }

book =

{ title = "Steppenwolf"

, author = "Hesse"

, pages = 237

}

-- Record access is done with `.`

title : String

title =

book.title

-- Record access `.` can also be used as a function

author : String

author =

.author book

-- We can create tagged unions with the `type` keyword.

-- The following value represents a binary tree.

type Tree a

= Empty

| Node a (Tree a) (Tree a)

-- It is possible to inspect these types with case-expressions.

depth : Tree a -> Int

depth tree =

case tree of

Empty -> 0

Node _ left right ->

1 + max (depth left) (depth right)

</pre></div>

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<ul><li><a href="PureScript" title="PureScript">PureScript</a> – A strongly-typed, purely-functional programming language that compiles to JavaScript</li>

<li><a href="Reason_(programming_language)" title="Reason (programming language)">Reason</a> – A syntax extension and toolchain for OCaml that can also transpile to JavaScript</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFCzaplicki2012" class="citation web cs1">Czaplicki, Evan (30 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reddit.com/r/haskell/comments/rkyoa/my_thesis_is_finally_complete_elm_concurrent_frp/">"My Thesis is Finally Complete! "Elm: Concurrent FRP for functional GUIs""</a>. <a href="Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/elm-lang/elm-compiler/issues/396">"Higher-Kinded types Not Expressible? #396"</a>. github.com/elm-lang/elm-compiler. Retrieved 6 March 2015.</cite>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elm-lang.org/">Official website</a> </li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/elm">Elm</a> on <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Haskell_programming542" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a> programming</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">Implementations</a> (<a href="Haskell_features" title="Haskell features">features</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Generic_programming#Generic_Haskell" title="Generic programming">Generic Haskell</a>°</li>

<li><a href="Glasgow_Haskell_Compiler" title="Glasgow Haskell Compiler">Glasgow Haskell Compiler</a>°

<ul><li><a href="Template_Haskell" title="Template Haskell">Template Haskell</a>°</li></ul></li>

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<li>York Haskell Compiler° (<a href="Yhc" title="Yhc">Yhc</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dialect_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialect (computing)">Dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Cryptol" title="Cryptol">Cryptol</a>°</li>

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<li><a href="Idris_(programming_language)" title="Idris (programming language)">Idris</a>°</li>

<li><a href="%CE%A9mega" title="Ωmega">Ωmega</a>°</li>

<li><a href="Orwell_(programming_language)" title="Orwell (programming language)">Orwell</a>°</li>

<li><a href="PureScript" title="PureScript">PureScript</a>°</li>

<li><a href="TidalCycles" title="TidalCycles">TidalCycles</a>°</li>

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<li><a href="Bluespec" title="Bluespec">Bluespec</a> <a href="SystemVerilog" title="SystemVerilog">SystemVerilog</a> (BSV)</li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Concurrent_Haskell" title="Concurrent Haskell">Concurrent Haskell</a>°</li>

<li><a href="Haskell_Platform" title="Haskell Platform">Haskell Platform</a>°</li>

<li><a href="Parsec_(parser)" title="Parsec (parser)">Parsec</a>°</li>

<li><a href="QuickCheck" title="QuickCheck">QuickCheck</a>°</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package managers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cabal_(software)" title="Cabal (software)">Cabal</a>°</li>

<li><a href="Stack_(Haskell)" title="Stack (Haskell)">Stack</a>°</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Windowing_system" title="Windowing system">Windowing systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fudgets" title="Fudgets">Fudgets</a></li>

<li><a href="WxHaskell" title="WxHaskell">wxHaskell</a>°</li>

<li><a href="Xmonad" title="Xmonad">xmonad</a>°</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Web_framework" title="Web framework">Web frameworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Servant_(web_framework)" title="Servant (web framework)">Servant</a>°</li>

<li><a href="Yesod_(web_framework)" title="Yesod (web framework)">Yesod</a>°</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cardano_(blockchain_platform)" title="Cardano (blockchain platform)">Cardano</a>°</li>

<li><a href="Darcs" title="Darcs">Darcs</a>°</li>

<li><a href="Ganeti" title="Ganeti">Ganeti</a>°</li>

<li><a href="Git-annex" title="Git-annex">git-annex</a>°</li>

<li><a href="Haddock_(software)" title="Haddock (software)">Haddock</a>°</li>

<li><a href="HaXml" title="HaXml">HaXml</a>°</li>

<li><a href="Liquid_Haskell" title="Liquid Haskell">Liquid Haskell</a>°</li>

<li><a href="LOLITA" title="LOLITA">LOLITA</a></li>

<li><a href="Pandoc" title="Pandoc">Pandoc</a>°</li>

<li><a href="Paradox_(theorem_prover)" title="Paradox (theorem prover)">Paradox</a>°</li>

<li><a href="SQream_DB" title="SQream DB">SQream DB</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Book</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Real_World_Haskell" title="Real World Haskell">Real World Haskell</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Eponym10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Eponym" title="Eponym">Eponym</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Haskell_Curry" title="Haskell Curry">Haskell Curry</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arvind_(computer_scientist)" title="Arvind (computer scientist)">Arvind</a></li>

<li><a href="Lennart_Augustsson" title="Lennart Augustsson">Lennart Augustsson</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Bird_(computer_scientist)" title="Richard Bird (computer scientist)">Richard Bird</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeremy_Gibbons" title="Jeremy Gibbons">Jeremy Gibbons</a></li>

<li><a href="Andrew_D._Gordon" title="Andrew D. Gordon">Andrew D. Gordon</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Hudak" title="Paul Hudak">Paul Hudak</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Hughes_(computer_scientist)" title="John Hughes (computer scientist)">John Hughes</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Launchbury" title="John Launchbury">John Launchbury</a></li>

<li><a href="John_MacFarlane_(philosopher)" title="John MacFarlane (philosopher)">John MacFarlane</a></li>

<li><a href="Simon_Marlow" title="Simon Marlow">Simon Marlow</a></li>

<li><a href="Conor_McBride" title="Conor McBride">Conor McBride</a></li>

<li><a href="Erik_Meijer_(computer_scientist)" title="Erik Meijer (computer scientist)">Erik Meijer</a></li>

<li><a href="Simon_Peyton_Jones" title="Simon Peyton Jones">Simon Peyton Jones</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Roundy" title="David Roundy">David Roundy</a></li>

<li><a href="Audrey_Tang" title="Audrey Tang">Audrey Tang</a></li>

<li><a href="Simon_Thompson_(professor)" title="Simon Thompson (professor)">Simon Thompson</a></li>

<li><a href="Philip_Wadler" title="Philip Wadler">Philip Wadler</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Italics = discontinued • ° = <a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Haskell" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Haskell">Book</a> Category:Family Category:Software</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Programming_languages625" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Programming_languages625" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a>

<ul><li><a href="Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li>

<li><a href="BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>

<ul><li><a href="Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">classic</a></li>

<li><a href="COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li>

<li><a href="Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>

<ul><li><a href="Elixir_(programming_language)" title="Elixir (programming language)">Elixir</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li>

<li><a href="Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li>

<li><a href="Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li>

<li><a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li>

<li><a href="Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li>

<li><a href="MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li>

<li><a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li>

<li><a href="Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell</a></li>

<li><a href="Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li>

<li><a href="Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Lists: <a href="List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">Categorical</a></li>

<li><a href="Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li>

<li> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-16" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Elm_(programming_language)&oldid=1300807394">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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